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1 canal
1. masculine noun• le canal de Panama/Suez the Panama/Suez Canalc. ( = intermédiaire) par le canal d'un collègue through a colleague2. compounds► Canal Plus, Canal + French pay TV channel* * *pl - aux kanal, o nom masculin1) ( voie navigable) canal2) ( moyen) channel4) Télécommunications ( fréquence) channel* * *kanal, ocanaux pl nm1) (pour la navigation) canal, (naturel) channel2) TV, RADIO channel3) ANATOMIE canalpar le canal de — through, via
* * *1 ( voie navigable) canal; le Grand Canal the Grand Canal; le canal de Suez the Suez canal; au bord du canal by the canal;2 ( moyen) channel; le canal administratif/diplomatique the administrative/diplomatic channel; annoncer/apprendre qch par le canal de la télévision to announce/to hear sth on television;4 Géog ( bras de mer) channel;canal adducteur water supply channel; canal d'amenée headrace channel; canal biliaire bile duct; canal déférent vas deferens; canal de dérivation bypass channel; canal de diffusion or de distribution distribution channel; canal de drainage drop pipe; canal d'irrigation irrigation channel; canal médullaire medullary canal; canaux semi-circulaires semicircular canals.( pluriel canaux) [kanal, o] nom masculincanal maritime ou de navigation ship canalle canal de Panama/Suez the Panama/Suez Canalcanal d'amenée feed ou feeder channel3. AGRICULTURE canalcanal de drainage/d'irrigation drainage/irrigation canalCanal + ou Plus French pay TV channel(Québec) [chaîne] (TV) channel6. ÉCONOMIE————————par le canal de locution prépositionnelleCANAL +Canal + is a private television channel. It broadcasts programmes that have to be unscrambled using a special decoding unit which is supplied to subscribers. Some of its programmes can be seen without this device. -
2 Suez
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3 Suez sf
['suez] -
4 canal
m.1 (valley) gutter.2 carcass (res).m.1 canal (cauce artificial).canal de riego irrigation channel2 channel, strait (geography) (estrecho).el canal de la Mancha the (English) Channelel canal de Panamá the Panama Canalel canal de Suez the Suez Canal3 channel (radio & television).cambiar de canal to switch channelscanal de pago subscription channel4 canal, duct (anatomy).5 channel.6 sluiceway.7 groove.* * *1 (artificial) canal2 (natural) channel► nombre masculino & nombre femenino1 (de tejado) gutter2 TÉCNICA channel3 (animal) open carcass\abrir en canal to slit openCanal de la Mancha English ChannelCanal de Panamá Panama Canalcanal de riego irrigation canal* * *noun m.1) canal2) channel* * *1. SM1) (Náut, Geog) [natural] channel; [artificial] canal2) (Agr, Téc) (=conducto) channel3) (Anat) canal, tract4) (TV) channelno cambies de canal — don't change o switch channels
canal autonómico — television channel of an autonomous region
canal de pago — pay channel, subscription channel
canal temático — thematic channel, theme channel
5) (=medio) channelel problema se resolvió por los canales habituales — the problem was resolved through the usual channels
canal de chat — (Internet) chat room
canales de comunicación — channels of communication, communication channels
6) Caribe (Aut) lane2. SF1) (Téc) pipe, conduit2) (Arquit) [de columna] groove3) (Agr) dressed carcass* * *I1) (Náut) ( cauce artificial) canal; (Agr, Ing) channel2)a) (Rad, Telec, TV) channelcambia de canal — change o switch channels
b) ( medio) channelII* * *I1) (Náut) ( cauce artificial) canal; (Agr, Ing) channel2)a) (Rad, Telec, TV) channelcambia de canal — change o switch channels
b) ( medio) channelII* * *canal11 = canal, chute, conduit, channel.Ex: A ferryman in a traditional costume will pole the skiff through a seemingly endless labyrinth of brooks, rivers and canals which earned the land the name of Venice of the North.
Ex: Concrete chutes and weirs are used for principal spillways and emergency spillways.Ex: The architect's brief specifies that conduit (of sewer pipe size if possible) should be provided for electrical wiring with outlets placed in the ceiling every metre.Ex: The water, that trickles from it in a rivulet, leaves a white incrustation along its channel, in appearance exactly like soap suds.* canal de distribución = distribution channel.* canal de navegación = shipping canal.* canales de publicación = publishing channels.* canales y ríos navegables = inland waterways, waterways.* crear canales para = establish + channels for.* establecer canales para = establish + channels for.* ingeniería de canales = canal engineering.canal22 = channel.Ex: The normal inter-library loan channels of the telephone and the postal service must still be interposed between the identification of the existence and the location of a document, and the receipt of the same document.
* canal de comunicación = line of communication, communication channel, communication pathway.* canal de sonido = sound channel.* canal de televisión = television station, television channel.* canal vía satélite = satellite channel.* super canal de comunicaciones = superhighway.* * *A1 ( Náut) (cauce artificial) canalel canal de entrada al puerto the channel into the harborcanal de drenaje drainage channelcanal de riego irrigation canalcanal de desagüe drainCompuestos:Beagle ChannelEnglish ChannelPanama CanalSt. Lawrence SeawaySuez CanalBcambia de canal change o switch channels, switch o turn over2 (medio) channelcanales de distribución distribution channelsCompuestos:subscription channelsports channelsatellite channelC ( Anat) canalCompuestos:birth canaldigestive tract, alimentary canalorA1 (canalón) gutter2 (ranura) groovelas canales de una columna the fluting on a columnB ( Coc):en canal dressedabrir en canal to slit open* * *
canal sustantivo masculino
1 (Náut) ( cauce artificial) canal;
(Agr, Ing) channel;
canal de Panamá Panama Canal;
canal de San Lorenzo St Lawrence Seaway
2a) (Rad, Telec, TV) channel;◊ cambia de canal change o switch channels
■ f or m ( canalón) gutter;
( ranura) groove
canal sustantivo masculino
1 (artificial) canal
el canal de la Mancha, the English Channel
el canal de Suez, the Suez Canal (natural) channel
2 TV Elec Inform channel
3 (vía, conducto) channel
♦ Locuciones: abrir en canal, to slit open
' canal' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
abrir
- cauce
- conducto
- escorrentía
- trazado
- cambiar
- desbordarse
- distribuir
- esclusa
- Panamá
- poner
English:
canal
- change over
- channel
- choke
- chunnel
- irrigation
- lock
- Panama Canal
- switch over
- waterway
- cross
- deepen
- on
- Panama
- sluice
- station
- switch
- water
* * *♦ nm1. [cauce artificial] canalcanal de riego irrigation channel2. [entre dos mares] channel, straitel canal de Beagle the Beagle Channel;el canal de la Mancha the (English) Channel;el canal de Panamá the Panama Canal;el canal de Suez the Suez Canal3. [de radio, televisión] channel;cambiar de canal to switch channelscanal autonómico = regional TV channel in Spain; TV canal generalista general-interest channel;canal de pago subscription channel4. Informát channel5. Anat canal, duct6. [medio, vía] channel;se enteró por varios canales she found out through various channelsCom canal de comercialización distribution channel; Com canal de venta(s) sales channel♦ nm o nf1. [de tejado] (valley) gutter2. [res] carcass;abrir en canal to slit open;Fig to tear apart3. Arquit groove, fluting4. [de libro] edge* * *m1 channel2 TRANSP canal3:abrir en canal cut open (from top to bottom)* * *canal nm1) : canal2) : channelcanal nmf: gutter, groove* * *canal n1. (paso natural, cadena de televisión) channel2. (paso artificial, de navegación) canal -
5 Suez
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6 Suez
sf ['suez] -
7 canal de Panama/Suez
the Panama/Suez Canal -
8 il canale di Suez
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9 Suezkanalen
the Suez Canal. -
10 Süveyş Kanalı
the Suez Canal -
11 תעלת סואץ
the Suez Canal, waterway which runs through the Isthmus of Suez and links the Mediterranean Sea with the Red Sea and the Gulf of Suez -
12 canale
m channelartificiale canal* * *canale s.m.1 canal; ( di mare) channel; ( di marea) tideway; ( costiero) gat: canale navigabile, shipway (o ship-canal) // il canale di San Lorenzo, the St. Laurence Seaway // il canale di Suez, the Suez Canal // il canale della Manica, the Channel2 ( condotto) pipe, tube: canale di gronda, gutter; canale di scolo, drain; canale di scolo per fognatura, sewer4 (estens.) channel; means (pl.): le notizie giungevano attraverso diversi canali, the news arrived via various channels; canale commerciale, channel of trade; canale diplomatico, diplomatic channel; canali di distribuzione, distribution channels; canali di vendita, sales channels6 (inform.) bus; channel: canale analogico, analog (o analogic) channel; canale di interfaccia, interface channel; canale di entrata, uscita, input, output channel; canale di trasmissione dati, information channel; (tel.) canale rapido, high-speed channel; canale multiplatore, multiplexor.* * *[ka'nale]sostantivo maschile1) (corso d'acqua) canal; (per liquidi) channel; (di chiusa) sluice2) (via, tramite)canale commerciale, diplomatico — commercial, diplomatic channel
4) telev. rad. channel5) anat. (tubo) duct, canal•* * *canale/ka'nale/sostantivo m.2 (via, tramite) canale commerciale, diplomatico commercial, diplomatic channel3 geogr. (braccio di mare) (naturale) channel; (artificiale) canal; il canale della Manica the (English) Channel; il Canal Grande the Grand Canal; il canale di Suez the Suez Canal4 telev. rad. channel; potresti cambiare canale? could you switch the TV over?5 anat. (tubo) duct, canalcanale navigabile ship canal; canale di scolo drain(pipe). -
13 Sueskanal
m GEOG.: der Sueskanal the Suez Canal* * *Su|es|ka|nal ['zuːɛs-]mSuez Canal* * *Su·es·ka·nal, Su·ez·ka·nal[ˈzu:ɛskana:l]m▪ der \Sueskanal the Suez Canal* * *der; Sueskanals Suez Canal* * *der Sueskanal the Suez Canal* * *der; Sueskanals Suez Canal -
14 Lesseps, Ferdinand de
SUBJECT AREA: Canals[br]b. 19 November 1805 Versailles, Franced. 7 December 1894 La Chesnaye, near Paris, France[br]French diplomat and canal entrepreneur.[br]Ferdinand de Lesseps was born into a family in the diplomatic service and it was intended that his should be his career also. He was educated at the Lycée Napoléon in Paris. In 1825, aged 20, he was appointed an attaché to the French consulate in Lisbon. In 1828 he went to the Consulate-General in Tunis and in 1831 was posted from there to Egypt, becoming French Consul in Cairo two years later. For his work there during the plague in 1836 he was awarded the Croix de Chevalier in the Légion d'honneur. During this time he became very friendly with Said Mohammed and the friendship was maintained over the years, although there were no expectations then that Said would occupy any great position of authority.De Lesseps then served in other countries. In 1841 he had thought about a canal from the Mediterranean to the Red Sea, and he brooded over the idea until 1854. In October of that year, having retired from the diplomatic service, he returned to Egypt privately. His friend Said became Viceroy and he readily agreed to the proposal to cut the canal. At first there was great international opposition to the idea, and in 1855 de Lesseps travelled to England to try to raise capital. Work finally started in 1859, but there were further delays following the death of Said Pasha in 1863. The work was completed in 1869 and the canal was formally opened by the Empress Eugenic on 20 November 1869. De Lesseps was fêted in France and awarded the Grand Croix de la Légion d'honneur.He subsequently promoted the project of the Corinth Canal, but his great ambition in his later years was to construct a canal across the Isthmus of Panama. This idea had been conceived by Spanish adventurers in 1514, but everyone felt the problems and cost would be too great. De Lesseps, riding high in popularity and with his charismatic character, convinced the public of the scheme's feasibility and was able to raise vast sums for the enterprise. He proposed a sea-level canal, which required the excavation of a 350 ft (107 m) cut through terrain; this eventually proved impossible, but work nevertheless started in 1881.In 1882 de Lesseps became first President d'-Honneur of the Syndicat des Entrepreneurs de Travaux Publics de France and was elected to the Chair of the French Academy in 1884. By 1891 the Panama Canal was in a disastrous financial crisis: a new company was formed, and because of the vast sums expended a financial investigation was made. The report led to de Lesseps, his son and several high-ranking government ministers and officials being charged with bribery and corruption, but de Lesseps was a very sick man and never appeared at the trial. He was never convicted, although others were, and he died soon after, at the age of 89, at his home.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsCroix de Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur 1836; Grand Croix 1869.Further ReadingJohn S.Pudney, 1968, Suez. De Lesseps' Canal, London: Dent.John Marlowe, 1964, The Making of the Suez Canal, London: Cresset.JHB -
15 sueski
The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > sueski
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16 sortie
sortie [sɔʀti]1. feminine nouna. ( = action, moment) [de personne] exit ; [de véhicule, bateau] departure ; (Military) ( = mission) sortie ; (Theatre) exit• à sa sortie, tous se sont tus when he went out everybody fell silent• les sauveteurs ont fait 30 sorties en mer cette semaine the lifeboatmen were called out 30 times this week• à la sortie des bureaux/théâtres when the offices/theatres come out• sa mère l'attend tous les jours à la sortie de l'école his mother waits for him every day after school• à sa sortie de prison when he comes (or came) out of prisonb. ( = fin) endc. ( = promenade) outing ; (le soir: au théâtre, au cinéma etc) evening out• il est de sortie [soldat, domestique] it's his day off• sortie éducative or scolaire (School) field tripd. ( = lieu) exit• « sortie de camions » "vehicle exit"• par ici la sortie ! this way out!e. ( = remarque drôle) sally ; ( = remarque incongrue) peculiar remarkf. ( = mise en vente) [de voiture, modèle] launching ; [de livre] publication ; [de disque, film] releaseg. [de marchandises, devises] exporth. ( = somme dépensée) item of expenditure• faire une sortie [gardien de but] to come out of goal2. compounds* * *sɔʀti1) ( lieu) exitprenez la première sortie — ( sur une route) take the first exit
‘sortie’ — ( sur un panneau) ‘exit’, ‘way out’ GB
à la sortie de la ville — ( extra-muros) on the outskirts of the town; ( intra-muros) on the edge of the town
2) ( moment)à ma sortie du tribunal/de l'armée — when I left the court/the army
sa femme l'attendait à sa sortie de prison — his wife was waiting for him when he came out of prison
l'heure de la sortie — École home time; ( du travail) knocking-off (colloq) time
3) ( départ)faire une sortie fracassante — [personne] to make a dramatic exit
4) ( activité) gén outingce soir, c'est mon soir de sortie — tonight is my night out
5) ( commercialisation) ( de nouveau modèle) launching [U]; (de film, disque) release; ( de livre) publication; ( de collection) showing; ( de nouveau journal) publication6) (colloq) ( déclaration) remark7) Électrotechnique, Informatique outputsortie sur imprimante — ( processus) printing
sortie laser — ( processus) hardcopy laser output; ( feuille imprimée) laser hardcopy
•Phrasal Verbs:* * *sɔʀti nf1) (= issue) way out, exit"sortie de camions" — "vehicle exit"
à sa sortie, elle... — as she left, she...
à sa sortie, il... — as she left, he...
à la sortie de l'école/l'usine (moment) — after school/work, when school/the factory comes out
Attends-moi à la sortie de l'école. — Meet me after school., (lieu) at the school/factory gates
faire une fausse sortie lit, fig — to make a stage exit
3) [gaz, eau] outlet4) (= promenade) outing, (le soir) night out5) MILITAIRE sortie6) fig (verbale: colère, indignation) outburst, (= trait d'esprit) sally, (parole incongrue) odd remarkÀ la sortie du nouveau modèle, les commandes ont afflué. — When the new model came out, orders poured in for it.
8) [capitaux] outflow9) COMMERCE (= somme) item of expendituredes sorties — items of expenditure, outgoings
10) INFORMATIQUE, [données] output11) [imprimante] hard copy, printout* * *sortie nf1 ( lieu) exit; la sortie est à gauche the exit is to the left; je t'attendrai à la sortie I'll wait for you outside (the building); prenez la première sortie ( sur une route) take the first exit; ‘sortie’ ( sur un panneau) ‘exit’, ‘way out’ GB; trouver la sortie ( de l'intérieur) to find one's way out; la sortie est indiquée par une flèche the exit ou way out GB is shown by an arrow; raccompagner qn jusqu'à la sortie to see sb out; à la sortie de la ville ( extra-muros) on the outskirts of the town; ( intra-muros) on the edge of the town; à la sortie ouest de la ville on the western edge of the town; les sorties de Paris sont encombrées the roads out of Paris are busy; surveiller la sortie des écoles to patrol the school gates; à la sortie du canal de Suez at the mouth of the Suez canal;2 ( moment) à ma sortie du tribunal/de l'armée/de la réunion when I left the court/the army/the meeting; sa femme l'attendait à sa sortie de prison his wife was waiting for him when he came out of prison; depuis ma sortie de prison since I came out of prison; à leur sortie d'hôpital when they came out of hospital; prendre ses enfants à la sortie de l'école to pick the children up after school; se retrouver à la sortie de l'école/du théâtre to meet after school/the play; mendier à la sortie des cinémas/églises to beg outside cinemas/churches; être arrêté à sa sortie du territoire to be arrested as one is leaving the country; six mois après leur sortie de l'université six months after they left college; à la sortie de l'hiver at the end of winter; sortie des usines/bureaux/magasins knocking-off○ time; à la sortie des usines/bureaux/magasins when the factories/offices/shops GB ou stores US turn out GB ou lock up US; l'heure de la sortie Scol home time; Entr knocking-off○ time;3 ( départ) faire une sortie fracassante/remarquée [personne] to make a sensational/conspicuous exit; je suis las de tes entrées et sorties continuelles I'm tired of your constant comings and goings; sortie d'un navire departure of a boat; la sortie de la récession/crise the end of the recession/crisis; la sortie de la livre hors du SME the withdrawal of the pound from the ERM; la sortie des Républiques hors de l'union the republics' withdrawal from the union; le droit à la libre sortie du territoire the right to travel freely abroad; être interdit de sortie (du territoire) to be forbidden to leave the country; jusqu'à la sortie du ventre maternel until the moment of birth;4 ( activité) gén outing; économiser sur les sorties to cut down on outings; faire une sortie to go on an outing; être de sortie○ [élèves] to be on an outing; faire une sortie avec l'école to go on a school outing; sortie à la campagne outing to the country; ce soir, c'est mon soir de sortie tonight is my evening out; le samedi est mon jour de sortie Saturday is my day out; c'est la sortie du samedi soir it's Saturday night out; priver qn de sortie to forbid sb to go out; première sortie d'un convalescent a convalescent's first time out; le patron est de sortie○ the boss is out; première sortie en coupe du monde Sport first game in the world cup;5 ( commercialisation) ( de nouveau modèle) launching ¢; (de film, disque) release; ( de livre) publication; ( de collection) presentation; ( de nouveau journal) publication; le film/livre a été interdit dès sa sortie the film/book was banned as soon as it came out; lors de la sortie parisienne du film when the film was released in Paris; la sortie du journal est à six heures the newspaper comes out at six o'clock; le numéro a été entièrement vendu dès sa sortie the issue sold out as soon as it went on sale;6 ○( déclaration) remark; faire une sortie désagréable to make a nasty remark;7 Électron, Électrotech, Ordinat output; données de sortie output data; puissance de sortie output power; signal de sortie output signal; sortie sur imprimante ( processus) printing; faire une sortie sur imprimante to print; sortie laser ( processus) hardcopy laser output; ( feuille imprimée) laser hardcopy;9 Théât ( d'acteur) sortie (de scène) exit; il a été applaudi à sa sortie (de scène) he was applauded as he left the stage; rater○ sa sortie to fluff○ one's exit; ⇒ faux;13 Écon ( de marchandises) export;14 Tech ( orifice) outlet; sortie des gaz d'échappement ( processus) discharge of exhaust gases; sortie des eaux usées ( emplacement) sewage outfall; ( processus) discharge of sewage.sortie des artistes Théât stage-door; sortie d'autoroute exit; sortie de bain Mode bathrobe; être en sortie de bain to be wearing a bathrobe; sortie de but ( au football) goal-kick; sortie en corner corner; ‘sortie d'école’ ( sur un panneau) ‘school’; sortie éducative field trip; sortie dans l'espace spacewalk; faire une sortie dans l'espace to walk in space; sortie de mêlée ( au rugby) heel-out; sortie scolaire ( d'un jour) school outing; ( de plus d'un jour) school trip; sortie en touche ( au football) throw-in; sortie (en touche) pour Pau Pau throw-in; ‘sortie de véhicules’ ( sur un panneau) ‘vehicle exit’.je t'attends or tu vas voir à la sortie○! I'll get you outside![sɔrti] nom féminin1. [action] exitsa sortie fut très remarquée her exit ou departure did not go unnoticed2. [moment]à ma sortie de prison/d'hôpital when I come (ou came) out of prison/hospital, on my release from prison/discharge from hospitalles journalistes l'ont assaillie dès sa sortie de l'hôtel the journalists thronged round her as soon as she stepped ou came out of the hotelà la sortie des bureaux/usines, la circulation est infernale when the offices/factories come out, the traffic is hellretrouvons-nous à la sortie du travail/spectacle let's meet after work/the showil s'est retourné à la sortie du virage he rolled (his car) over just after ou as he came out of the bend3. [fin] endà ma sortie de l'école [à la fin de mes études] when I left school4. [excursion, promenade] outing[soirée en ville] evening ou night outon a organisé une petite sortie en famille/à vélo we've organized a little family outing/cycle ridesortie éducative ou scolaire school outingles pompiers font jusqu'à vingt sorties par semaine the firemen are called out up to twenty times a weekpar ici la sortie! this way out, please!‘attention, sortie de garage/véhicules’ ‘caution, garage entrance/vehicle exit’7. [sur route] exit[de capital] outflow[sujet de dépense] item of expenditure[dépense] outgoing9. [d'un disque, d'un film] release[d'un roman] publication[d'un modèle] launch[option sur programme] exit11. SPORT [aux jeux de ballon]sortie en touche going out of play ou into touchfaire une sortie [gardien de but] to come out of goal, to leave the goalmouth[en gymnastique] exit12. [d'un cheval] outing[emportement] outburst15. IMPRIMERIE [des presses] delivery————————de sortie locution adjectivalec'est son jour de sortie [d'un domestique] it's his/her day offêtre de sortie [domestique] to have one's day off -
17 kana|ł
m (G kanału) 1. Roln. canal- kanał nawadniający/osuszający an irrigation/a drainage canal2. Transp., Żegl. canal- kanał żeglugowy a navigation canal- przepłynąć przez/przekopać kanał to cross/dig a canal3. Geog. channel- Kanał Sueski the Suez Canal- Kanał La Manche the English Channel4. (ściek) kanał deszczowy a drain pipe- zejście do kanałów a manhole- pracować w kanałach to work in the sewers5. Budow., Techn. kanał dymowy a flue- kanał odpływowy/spływowy an outlet/outflow duct- kanał wentylacyjny an air duct a. shaft6. Anat. canal; (w zębie) root canal- kanał oddechowy the respiratory passage- kanał rdzeniowy/słuchowy the spinal/ear canal7. Radio, TV, Telekom. channel- kanał radiofoniczny/telewizyjny a radio/TV a. television channel8. Techn. (do serwisu podwozia) service a. inspection pit 9. Teatr orchestra pit 10. przen. (droga) channel- kanały dyplomatyczne diplomatic channels- kanały przerzutowe illegal channels- kanał przerzutu narkotyków drug-smuggling channels- kanały przerzutowe nielegalnych imigrantów illegal immigration channels11. pot. (nieprzyjemna sytuacja) mess- ale kanał! what a mess!- □ kanał burzowy a storm drain- kanał ciepłowniczy a heating duct- kanał energetyczny a flume- kanał morski Żegl. a marine canal- kanał portowy a harbour canalThe New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > kana|ł
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18 канал
Эквивалентами существительного канал являются английские canal и channel. Canal [kəʹnæl] служит для обозначения искусственно прорытого канала: Суэцкий канал – the Suez Canal, Панамский канал – the Panama Canal, Волго-Донской канал – the Volga-Don Canal. Channel – естественный канал, узкий морской проход между двумя берегами: пролив Ла Манш – the English Channel. (В русском языке слово канал в этом значении употребляется редко и заменяется словом пролив.) Channel употребляется также в метафорическом значении 'путь, способ проникновения': каналы секретной информации – channels of secret information.Трудности английского языка (лексический справочник). Русско-английский словарь > канал
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19 Stephenson, Robert
[br]b. 16 October 1803 Willington Quay, Northumberland, Englandd. 12 October 1859 London, England[br]English engineer who built the locomotive Rocket and constructed many important early trunk railways.[br]Robert Stephenson's father was George Stephenson, who ensured that his son was educated to obtain the theoretical knowledge he lacked himself. In 1821 Robert Stephenson assisted his father in his survey of the Stockton \& Darlington Railway and in 1822 he assisted William James in the first survey of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway. He then went to Edinburgh University for six months, and the following year Robert Stephenson \& Co. was named after him as Managing Partner when it was formed by himself, his father and others. The firm was to build stationary engines, locomotives and railway rolling stock; in its early years it also built paper-making machinery and did general engineering.In 1824, however, Robert Stephenson accepted, perhaps in reaction to an excess of parental control, an invitation by a group of London speculators called the Colombian Mining Association to lead an expedition to South America to use steam power to reopen gold and silver mines. He subsequently visited North America before returning to England in 1827 to rejoin his father as an equal and again take charge of Robert Stephenson \& Co. There he set about altering the design of steam locomotives to improve both their riding and their steam-generating capacity. Lancashire Witch, completed in July 1828, was the first locomotive mounted on steel springs and had twin furnace tubes through the boiler to produce a large heating surface. Later that year Robert Stephenson \& Co. supplied the Stockton \& Darlington Railway with a wagon, mounted for the first time on springs and with outside bearings. It was to be the prototype of the standard British railway wagon. Between April and September 1829 Robert Stephenson built, not without difficulty, a multi-tubular boiler, as suggested by Henry Booth to George Stephenson, and incorporated it into the locomotive Rocket which the three men entered in the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway's Rainhill Trials in October. Rocket, was outstandingly successful and demonstrated that the long-distance steam railway was practicable.Robert Stephenson continued to develop the locomotive. Northumbrian, built in 1830, had for the first time, a smokebox at the front of the boiler and also the firebox built integrally with the rear of the boiler. Then in Planet, built later the same year, he adopted a layout for the working parts used earlier by steam road-coach pioneer Goldsworthy Gurney, placing the cylinders, for the first time, in a nearly horizontal position beneath the smokebox, with the connecting rods driving a cranked axle. He had evolved the definitive form for the steam locomotive.Also in 1830, Robert Stephenson surveyed the London \& Birmingham Railway, which was authorized by Act of Parliament in 1833. Stephenson became Engineer for construction of the 112-mile (180 km) railway, probably at that date the greatest task ever undertaken in of civil engineering. In this he was greatly assisted by G.P.Bidder, who as a child prodigy had been known as "The Calculating Boy", and the two men were to be associated in many subsequent projects. On the London \& Birmingham Railway there were long and deep cuttings to be excavated and difficult tunnels to be bored, notoriously at Kilsby. The line was opened in 1838.In 1837 Stephenson provided facilities for W.F. Cooke to make an experimental electrictelegraph installation at London Euston. The directors of the London \& Birmingham Railway company, however, did not accept his recommendation that they should adopt the electric telegraph and it was left to I.K. Brunel to instigate the first permanent installation, alongside the Great Western Railway. After Cooke formed the Electric Telegraph Company, Stephenson became a shareholder and was Chairman during 1857–8.Earlier, in the 1830s, Robert Stephenson assisted his father in advising on railways in Belgium and came to be increasingly in demand as a consultant. In 1840, however, he was almost ruined financially as a result of the collapse of the Stanhope \& Tyne Rail Road; in return for acting as Engineer-in-Chief he had unwisely accepted shares, with unlimited liability, instead of a fee.During the late 1840s Stephenson's greatest achievements were the design and construction of four great bridges, as part of railways for which he was responsible. The High Level Bridge over the Tyne at Newcastle and the Royal Border Bridge over the Tweed at Berwick were the links needed to complete the East Coast Route from London to Scotland. For the Chester \& Holyhead Railway to cross the Menai Strait, a bridge with spans as long-as 460 ft (140 m) was needed: Stephenson designed them as wrought-iron tubes of rectangular cross-section, through which the trains would pass, and eventually joined the spans together into a tube 1,511 ft (460 m) long from shore to shore. Extensive testing was done beforehand by shipbuilder William Fairbairn to prove the method, and as a preliminary it was first used for a 400 ft (122 m) span bridge at Conway.In 1847 Robert Stephenson was elected MP for Whitby, a position he held until his death, and he was one of the exhibition commissioners for the Great Exhibition of 1851. In the early 1850s he was Engineer-in-Chief for the Norwegian Trunk Railway, the first railway in Norway, and he also built the Alexandria \& Cairo Railway, the first railway in Africa. This included two tubular bridges with the railway running on top of the tubes. The railway was extended to Suez in 1858 and for several years provided a link in the route from Britain to India, until superseded by the Suez Canal, which Stephenson had opposed in Parliament. The greatest of all his tubular bridges was the Victoria Bridge across the River St Lawrence at Montreal: after inspecting the site in 1852 he was appointed Engineer-in-Chief for the bridge, which was 1 1/2 miles (2 km) long and was designed in his London offices. Sadly he, like Brunel, died young from self-imposed overwork, before the bridge was completed in 1859.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1849. President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers 1849. President, Institution of Civil Engineers 1856. Order of St Olaf (Norway). Order of Leopold (Belgium). Like his father, Robert Stephenson refused a knighthood.Further ReadingL.T.C.Rolt, 1960, George and Robert Stephenson, London: Longman (a good modern biography).J.C.Jeaffreson, 1864, The Life of Robert Stephenson, London: Longman (the standard nine-teenth-century biography).M.R.Bailey, 1979, "Robert Stephenson \& Co. 1823–1829", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 50 (provides details of the early products of that company).J.Kieve, 1973, The Electric Telegraph, Newton Abbot: David \& Charles.PJGR -
20 navigazione
f navigation* * *navigazione s.f.1 navigation; ( a vela) sailing: navigazione aerea, air navigation; navigazione aerea astronomica, astronavigation; navigazione aerea cieca, instrument navigation; navigazione a vapore, steam-navigation; navigazione fluviale, river navigation; navigazione interna, inland navigation; (mar.) navigazione radioguidata, radio navigation; servizio di navigazione, boat service; (mar.) compagnia di navigazione, shipping company (o shipping-line), (aer.) airline: perché non viaggi con la compagnia di navigazione X.Y.?, why don't you travel by the X.Y. line?; rivolgiti alla compagnia di navigazione, go to the shipping agent; la navigazione attraverso il canale di Suez è aumentata, navigation through the Suez Canal has increased // (dir.): diritto di navigazione, right of navigation; diritto della navigazione, maritime law // (st.) atto di navigazione, Navigation Act2 ( viaggio) sea voyage; ( traversata) crossing: la navigazione è stata faticosa, the crossing (o voyage) was tiring; ci vogliono dieci giorni di navigazione per arrivare in Brasile, the voyage to Brazil takes ten days3 ( Internet) web surfing, web navigation.* * *[navigat'tsjone]sostantivo femminile1) aer. mar. navigation; (traffico marittimo) shippingcompagnia di navigazione — shipping company o line
2) inform.•* * *navigazione/navigat'tsjone/sostantivo f.1 aer. mar. navigation; (traffico marittimo) shipping; strumento di navigazione navigational instrument; compagnia di navigazione shipping company o line; ci vogliono due giorni di navigazione da qui it's two days' sail from here2 inform. navigazione in Internet netsurfingnavigazione da diporto yachting; navigazione fluviale o interna inland navigation.
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